The Anti–Horse Thief Association (AHTA) was first organized in 1854 by David McKee, a farmer and stock raiser, in Clark County, Missouri. McKee envisioned an organization for the protection of property, especially horses, which were often stolen by thieves living in the border area between Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa, where he lived. The AHTA quickly grew, and soon there were chapters and suborders in several states. In spite of its name, the basic principle of the organization was opposition to law violations of any kind, not just horse theft. Members were to bring criminals to justice, not through vigilantism, but through the court system. AHTA's emblem, the horseshoe, stood for Humanity, Charity, and Justice.

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The first charter of AHTA in Oklahoma Territory was granted on July 27, 1894, with headquarters in Arapaho. Members had to be at least eighteen years old and of good character and public standing. Individuals enlisted for four years and paid annual dues of ten cents. The AHTA gave them protection from thieves but also required that they assist other members in times of need. The Grand Order of AHTA of Oklahoma was organized in 1895. The order was financed by an annual fee of twenty cents per member of each suborder.

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Every year the suborders' presidents would appoint members to serve on pursuing committees, otherwise known as posses. If a theft or other crime occurred, the pursuing committee tracked the offender until his capture. In addition to pursuing committees, AHTA developed vigilance committees whose members kept suspicious persons under surveillance by watching their homes and sometimes following them. In order to obtain evidence, members would occasionally spend days watching the home of a certain thief, as well as a trail or river crossing suspected of being used by criminals.

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In 1916 AHTA had over forty thousand members in Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Arkansas, New Mexico, Colorado, and South Dakota. By 1933 AHTA members noted that thieves were stealing fewer horses and other stock but observed that many other types of petty thefts were being committed with greater regularity. As horses ceased to be the primary mode of transportation, the organization changed its name to the Anti-Thief Association (ATA). In subsequent years AHTA, and later ATA, became more of a social and fraternal group than an arm of law enforcement. Most lodges held annual family picnics with planned activities such as horse races, roping events, and other competitions.

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The importance of AHTA to early Oklahoma cannot be overstated. The organization played a major role in bringing law-abiding citizens together for the common purpose of protecting everyone's property. It served the interest of its members by being a law enforcement arm unhindered by local or state boundaries. Members could, and often did, pursue criminals into other states, capture them, and return the stolen property to its owners. From 1899 to 1909 the Oklahoma AHTA recovered stolen livestock valued at $83,000, apprehended more than four hundred suspected thieves, and obtained the conviction of 272 thieves.